Currently, the field of developing anti-PD-1/PD-L1 small-molecule inhibitors is intensively explored. Small-molecule inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway are a promising alternative or complementary therapeutic to antibodies. However, the antibody-based immunotherapies have several limitations such as high production cost or the induction of severe immune-related adverse effects. Cancer immunotherapy based on the monoclonal antibodies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway has demonstrated therapeutic responses without precedent over a wide range of cancers. The programmed cell death ligand protein 1 (PD-L1) is a strong immunosuppressive molecule that inactivates tumor-specific T cells by binding to the programmed cell death- 1 protein (PD-1).
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